Monsanto has developed strains of “Roundup ready” (RR) seeds that are resistant to the weed-killer Roundup (also made by Monsanto). Farmers who plant RR crops can use large quantities of the herbicide, without killing their own crops.

This creates a strong evolutionary pressure on the weeds, so only those which can become resistant to Roundup survive.

One plant that’s met the challenge is a strain of  Amaranthus Palmeri, otherwise known as Pigweed. Ironically, this was a prehistoric crop species in the US (and related plants still are, including in India). But in modern over-fertilized farm conditions, it takes up too much nitrates, and its leaves become poisonous to livestock. It’s a very unpopular plant with US farmers.

As use of Roundup spreads, so does the Pigweed. It’s a pest in a number of crops, particularly cotton.

The kind of GMO crops being considered in India are not the “Roundup Ready” ones, which are resistant to herbicide, but rather the Bt crops that resist pests. Still, this is an object lesson in Unintended Consequences.

In October 2009, the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) recommended approval for transgenic eggplants that would resist the shoot borer, a major pest. (It doesn’t protect against bacterial wilt, a different major pest.) The main US player, naturally, is Monsanto, through the Indian company Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds  Co (Mahyco).

[Edited to Add: On Feb 10, 2010, the government put Bt Brinjal on indefinite hold. There were some reports of planned 180-day rat studies instead of the usual 90-day ones.]

There’s been a storm of protest. Activists, farmers, and political leaders are upset. Some have actually called it poison.

Minister for the Environment Jairam Ramesh  has asked for further investigation and public input, while Minister for Food and Agriculture Sharad Pawar is pushing for its introduction.

Meanwhile, the Chief Ministers of the three largest eggplant-producing states have said they do not intend to grow Bt Brinjal. (West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar together account for over 60% of India’s eggplant production.)

Why the controversy?

So far, India’s main GMO crop is cotton, modified with Baccillus Thuringiensis genes that are meant to protect it from bollworm. Like many issues in India, this has been controversial ever since it was introduced 5 years ago – and maybe even before that. Some allegations:

• It doesn’t work. Bt Cotton, according to some sources, is more vulnerable to drought and to other pests, so yields quickly fall.
• It’s tough to control and study. Indian agriculture, made up of large numbers of independent farmers, is not suitable for controlled usage.  Bt genes can spread through cross-pollination, and no controlled studies are possible as to whether Bt Cotton performs better or worse than normal cotton.
• Farmers must repurchase the seeds each year, since the plants are not designed to breed true. This is a considerable expenditure; when the cotton does not perform, farmers go deeper into debt, sometimes hopelessly. Anti Bt activists have suggested that the spate of farmer suicides have been linked to the introduction of agribusiness inputs like these.
• Some sources have said that sheep and cattle grazing on the post-harvest stubble – as they traditionally do – were poisoned when they grazed on Bt Cotton fields.
• There have been allegations of allergic reactions among cotton-pickers.

Though cotton is the single largest transgenic crop in India, investigations have been underway on several others. In 2006, India’s Supreme Court stopped trials on Bt Brinjal so it could examine the issues raised in a public interest petition, but eventually they were re-started.

————-

Meanwhile, pro-GMO sources have suggested that with genetic modification, yields have risen, pesticide use fallen, and it’s all been worthwhile.

India’s Prime Minister, in his speech at the 97th Indian Science Congress said:

“Developments in biotechnology present us the prospect of greatly improving yields in our major crops by increasing resistance to pests and also to moisture stress. BT Cotton has been well accepted in the country and has made a great difference to the production of cotton. The technology of genetic modification is also being extended to food crops though this raises legitimate questions of safety…“